{"id":5548,"date":"2026-03-02T17:48:03","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T16:48:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laube.mobi\/?page_id=5548"},"modified":"2026-04-01T10:56:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T08:56:04","slug":"plafo-peixos-migradors-traduccio","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/laube.mobi\/es\/plafo-peixos-migradors-traduccio\/","title":{"rendered":"Plaf\u00f3 (2) Peixos migradors- traducci\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility\" style=\"--awb-background-position:center top;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:170px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:132px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-padding-top-small:60px;--awb-background-image:linear-gradient(222deg, var(--awb-color6) 0%,var(--awb-color4) 75%);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1220px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_4_5 4_5 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-bottom:34px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:80%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:80%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:70px;--awb-spacing-left-small:0px;\" data-animationtype=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationduration=\"1.3\" data-animationoffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-rotating fusion-animate-once fusion-title-rollIn fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;text-transform:none;--fontSize:68;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\"><span class=\"fusion-animated-text-prefix\"><\/span> <span class=\"fusion-animated-texts-wrapper\" style=\"color:var(--awb-color1);text-align: center;\" data-length=\"char\" data-mindisplaytime=\"2400\"><span class=\"fusion-animated-texts\"><span data-in-effect=\"rollIn\" class=\"fusion-animated-text\" data-in-sequence=\"true\" data-out-reverse=\"true\" data-out-effect=\"rollOut\">ELS PEIXOS MIGRADORS DE L\u2019EBRE<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"fusion-animated-text-postfix\"><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-background-position:center top;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:170px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:132px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-padding-top-medium:198px;--awb-padding-top-small:215px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:58px;--awb-background-image:linear-gradient(222deg, var(--awb-color6) 0%,var(--awb-color4) 75%);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1220px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_4_5 4_5 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-bottom:34px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:22px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:80%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:80%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:70px;--awb-spacing-left-small:0px;\" data-animationtype=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationduration=\"1.3\" data-animationoffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:48px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;text-transform:none;font-size:1em;--fontSize:48;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">ELS PEIXOS MIGRADORS DE L\u2019EBRE<\/span><\/p><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"VeusRiu\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:29px;--awb-padding-right:48px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:48px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"awb-background-mask\" style=\"background-image:  url(data:image\/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221920%22%20height%3D%22954%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Cg%20clip-path%3D%22url%28%23prefix__clip0_58_68%29%22%20fill%3D%22rgba%2837%2C185%2C206%2C1%29%22%3E%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%221663.56%22%20cy%3D%22206.967%22%20r%3D%22349.995%22%20transform%3D%22rotate%28-45%201663.56%20206.967%29%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1703.05%20674.96c-116.77%20154.952-336.57%20186.262-490.94%2069.933s-184.86-336.246-68.1-491.198l559.04%20421.265z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1280.32%20918.549c-124.14%2071.672-282.874%2029.138-354.546-95.001-71.672-124.14-29.139-282.876%2094.996-354.548l259.55%20449.549z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3CclipPath%20id%3D%22prefix__clip0_58_68%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20d%3D%22M0%200h1920v954H0z%22%2F%3E%3C%2FclipPath%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E);opacity: 0.14 ;transform: scale(-1, -1);mix-blend-mode:normal;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1268.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-bottom:12px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"103\"><strong>CASTELLANO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El r\u00edo Ebro alberga una gran variedad de especies de peces gracias a la heterogeneidad de su curso. A pesar de la transformaci\u00f3n de su cauce y de los caudales que transporta, as\u00ed como de la introducci\u00f3n de especies ex\u00f3ticas invasoras, todav\u00eda podemos encontrar especies aut\u00f3ctonas, muchas de las cuales est\u00e1n amenazadas. Entre todas ellas, destacan por su relevancia ecol\u00f3gica los peces aut\u00f3ctonos migradores, que realizan desplazamientos entre el mar y los r\u00edos para completar su ciclo vital. El mantenimiento de la continuidad ecol\u00f3gica del r\u00edo es esencial para que puedan completar su ciclo reproductivo, y su presencia es un indicador directo de la salud ambiental y de la conectividad entre el r\u00edo y el mar.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, estos peces se enfrentan a diversas amenazas que dificultan su supervivencia: obst\u00e1culos como presas y azudes que impiden la migraci\u00f3n, la p\u00e9rdida y degradaci\u00f3n de h\u00e1bitats, la sobrepesca y las capturas accidentales, la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua, los efectos del cambio clim\u00e1tico y la presencia de especies ex\u00f3ticas invasoras.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ESPECIES AN\u00c1DROMAS Y CAT\u00c1DROMAS: \u00bfCU\u00c1L ES LA DIFERENCIA?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Especies an\u00e1dromas:<\/strong> Nacen en agua dulce, migran hacia el mar para crecer y, cuando alcanzan la edad adulta, regresan al r\u00edo donde nacieron para poner los huevos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Especies cat\u00e1dromas:<\/strong> Nacen en el mar, se desplazan hacia el agua dulce para crecer y, cuando son adultas, regresan al mar para poner los huevos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, es decir, vive en el mar pero, en primavera, remonta el Ebro para reproducirse en los tramos bajos y medios, en zonas con corriente y fondo de grava donde realiza la puesta. Cuando los huevos eclosionan, las larvas y los juveniles permanecen unos meses en el r\u00edo. Despu\u00e9s descienden hacia el mar, donde completar\u00e1n su crecimiento.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esturi\u00f3n europeo (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, uno de los peces m\u00e1s antiguos del planeta, que puede vivir hasta 100 a\u00f1os. Vive en el mar y remonta los r\u00edos para reproducirse en tramos profundos con fondos pedregosos. Antiguamente estaba presente en el Ebro, pero la sobrepesca, la contaminaci\u00f3n y la construcci\u00f3n de presas provocaron su desaparici\u00f3n. Actualmente existe un programa de recuperaci\u00f3n (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) y, entre los a\u00f1os 2023 y 2025, se han reintroducido m\u00e1s de un centenar de ejemplares juveniles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lamprea de mar (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, un pez primitivo sin mand\u00edbulas y con el cuerpo alargado y cil\u00edndrico. Vive en el mar como par\u00e1sito de otros peces, a los que se adhiere con una boca circular llena de peque\u00f1os dientes c\u00f3rneos. En \u00e9poca de reproducci\u00f3n, remonta el r\u00edo para desovar en zonas con corriente y fondo de grava. Despu\u00e9s de la puesta, los adultos mueren. Las larvas (ammocetes) viven enterradas en el sedimento durante a\u00f1os antes de transformarse e iniciar la migraci\u00f3n hacia el mar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>LA ANGUILA EUROPEA (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>): UNA MIGRACI\u00d3N DE PEL\u00cdCULA<\/strong><br \/>\nActualmente se encuentra en peligro cr\u00edtico de extinci\u00f3n. Es un pez cat\u00e1dromo: pasa la mayor parte de su vida en aguas continentales, pero viaja al mar para reproducirse. A lo largo de su ciclo vital experimenta diversas fases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larva o leptoc\u00e9falo<\/strong><br \/>\nNace en el mar de los Sargazos, a unos 500 m de profundidad. La larva, o leptoc\u00e9falo, es peque\u00f1a, aplanada y transparente, similar a una hoja de sauce, y se deja arrastrar por las corrientes marinas en un viaje que puede durar entre 7 meses y 3 a\u00f1os hasta llegar a las costas de Europa y del norte de \u00c1frica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Angula o anguila de cristal<\/strong><br \/>\nAl llegar a los estuarios, se transforma en angula. Adquiere la forma serpentiforme definitiva, pero todav\u00eda es peque\u00f1a, transl\u00facida y sin pigmentaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguil\u00f3n<\/strong><br \/>\nComienza a crecer y a pigmentarse. Con una musculatura m\u00e1s desarrollada, inicia el ascenso por el curso de los r\u00edos, movi\u00e9ndose activamente en busca de alimento.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguila amarilla<\/strong><br \/>\nA medida que asciende por los r\u00edos, se transforma en anguila amarilla. Presenta una coloraci\u00f3n parda y puede alcanzar unos 40 cm en los machos y 60 cm en las hembras (aunque algunos ejemplares son m\u00e1s grandes). Es la etapa m\u00e1s larga de su vida.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguila plateada<\/strong><br \/>\nFase madura y migratoria. El dorso se oscurece, el vientre se vuelve plateado y los ojos crecen para mejorar la visi\u00f3n oce\u00e1nica en el retorno al mar. Acumula reservas de grasa, desarrolla los \u00f3rganos reproductores y deja de alimentarse (los \u00f3rganos internos se atrofian).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De regreso al mar, emprende una segunda gran migraci\u00f3n cruzando el Atl\u00e1ntico hasta el mar de los Sargazos. All\u00ed, entre marzo y junio, tiene lugar la puesta; los adultos mueren despu\u00e9s de reproducirse, dando paso a una nueva generaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LA RAMPA DE PECES: reconectando los h\u00e1bitats y protegiendo especies<\/strong><br \/>\nEl azud de Xerta-Tivenys durante siglos actu\u00f3 como un muro infranqueable para los peces. Hasta el a\u00f1o 2024, era el \u00fanico obst\u00e1culo que romp\u00eda la continuidad fluvial desde Flix hasta el delta del Ebro. Inaugurada en octubre de 2024, la rampa de peces \u2014la m\u00e1s grande de Catalu\u00f1a\u2014 tiene una longitud de 236 metros y una anchura \u00fatil de 8 metros, y permite restablecer la conectividad fluvial del r\u00edo. Especies como la anguila, la saboga y la lamprea de mar pueden volver a remontar el r\u00edo y acceder a zonas de cr\u00eda. Al mismo tiempo, se mejora la conectividad ecol\u00f3gica y se refuerza la biodiversidad de todo el ecosistema fluvial. La rampa de peces es un ejemplo de c\u00f3mo la ingenier\u00eda puede aliarse con la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bloques de piedra:<\/strong> Reducen la velocidad del agua y simulan el lecho natural del r\u00edo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zonas de descanso:<\/strong> Crean peque\u00f1as balsas donde los peces pueden recuperar energ\u00eda antes de continuar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Efecto llamada:<\/strong> la corriente del agua en su entrada atrae a los peces hacia la rampa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Una pendiente suave (2,72%)<\/strong> que transforma un salto vertical de 6 metros en una subida gradual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gracias a esta infraestructura, especies como la anguila (<em>Anguilla anguilla<\/em>), la saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>) y la lamprea de mar (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>) pueden volver a remontar el r\u00edo y llegar a h\u00e1bitats favorables para su cr\u00eda r\u00edo arriba. Al mismo tiempo, se mejora la conectividad ecol\u00f3gica y se refuerza la biodiversidad de todo el ecosistema fluvial. La rampa de peces es un ejemplo de c\u00f3mo la ingenier\u00eda puede aliarse con la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"110\" data-end=\"113\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le fleuve \u00c8bre abrite une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces de poissons gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 de son cours. Malgr\u00e9 la transformation de son lit et des d\u00e9bits qu\u2019il transporte, ainsi que l\u2019introduction d\u2019esp\u00e8ces exotiques envahissantes, on peut encore y trouver des esp\u00e8ces autochtones, dont beaucoup sont menac\u00e9es. Parmi elles, se distinguent par leur importance \u00e9cologique les poissons migrateurs autochtones, qui effectuent des d\u00e9placements entre la mer et les rivi\u00e8res pour compl\u00e9ter leur cycle de vie. Le maintien de la continuit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique du fleuve est essentiel pour qu\u2019ils puissent accomplir leur cycle reproductif, et leur pr\u00e9sence constitue un indicateur direct de la sant\u00e9 environnementale et de la connectivit\u00e9 entre le fleuve et la mer.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, ces poissons sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 diverses menaces qui entravent leur survie : des obstacles comme les barrages et les seuils qui emp\u00eachent la migration, la perte et la d\u00e9gradation des habitats, la surp\u00eache et les captures accidentelles, la pollution de l\u2019eau, les effets du changement climatique et la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019esp\u00e8ces exotiques envahissantes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ESP\u00c8CES ANADROMES ET CATADROMES : QUELLE EST LA DIFF\u00c9RENCE ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Esp\u00e8ces anadromes :<\/strong> Elles naissent en eau douce, migrent vers la mer pour grandir et, une fois adultes, retournent dans le fleuve o\u00f9 elles sont n\u00e9es pour pondre leurs \u0153ufs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esp\u00e8ces catadromes :<\/strong> Elles naissent en mer, se d\u00e9placent vers l\u2019eau douce pour grandir et, une fois adultes, retournent en mer pour pondre leurs \u0153ufs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019elle vit en mer mais, au printemps, remonte l\u2019\u00c8bre pour se reproduire dans les tron\u00e7ons inf\u00e9rieurs et moyens, dans des zones \u00e0 courant et \u00e0 fond de gravier o\u00f9 elle pond. Lorsque les \u0153ufs \u00e9closent, les larves et les juv\u00e9niles restent quelques mois dans le fleuve. Ensuite, ils redescendent vers la mer, o\u00f9 ils ach\u00e8veront leur croissance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esturgeon europ\u00e9en (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, l\u2019un des poissons les plus anciens de la plan\u00e8te, pouvant vivre jusqu\u2019\u00e0 100 ans. Il vit en mer et remonte les fleuves pour se reproduire dans des zones profondes \u00e0 fond pierreux. Autrefois pr\u00e9sent dans l\u2019\u00c8bre, il a disparu \u00e0 cause de la surp\u00eache, de la pollution et de la construction de barrages. Actuellement, un programme de r\u00e9introduction (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) est en cours et, entre 2023 et 2025, plus d\u2019une centaine de juv\u00e9niles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9introduits.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lamproie marine (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, un poisson primitif sans m\u00e2choires, au corps allong\u00e9 et cylindrique. Elle vit en mer comme parasite d\u2019autres poissons, auxquels elle s\u2019accroche gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une bouche circulaire munie de petites dents corn\u00e9es. En p\u00e9riode de reproduction, elle remonte le fleuve pour frayer dans des zones \u00e0 courant et \u00e0 fond de gravier. Apr\u00e8s la ponte, les adultes meurent. Les larves (ammoc\u00e8tes) vivent enfouies dans les s\u00e9diments pendant des ann\u00e9es avant de se transformer et de migrer vers la mer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u2019ANGUILLE EUROP\u00c9ENNE (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>) : UNE MIGRATION DE FILM<\/strong><br \/>\nElle est actuellement en danger critique d\u2019extinction. C\u2019est un poisson catadrome : il passe la majeure partie de sa vie en eaux continentales, mais voyage en mer pour se reproduire. Au cours de son cycle de vie, il passe par plusieurs phases :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larve ou leptoc\u00e9phale<\/strong><br \/>\nElle na\u00eet dans la mer des Sargasses, \u00e0 environ 500 m de profondeur. La larve est petite, aplatie et transparente, semblable \u00e0 une feuille de saule, et est entra\u00een\u00e9e par les courants marins lors d\u2019un voyage pouvant durer entre 7 mois et 3 ans jusqu\u2019aux c\u00f4tes de l\u2019Europe et de l\u2019Afrique du Nord.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Civelle ou anguille de verre<\/strong><br \/>\nEn arrivant dans les estuaires, elle se transforme en civelle. Elle acquiert sa forme serpentiforme d\u00e9finitive, mais reste petite, translucide et sans pigmentation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille jaune (stade juv\u00e9nile)<\/strong><br \/>\nElle commence \u00e0 grandir et \u00e0 se pigmenter. Avec une musculature plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, elle remonte les cours d\u2019eau \u00e0 la recherche de nourriture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille jaune<\/strong><br \/>\nEn remontant les rivi\u00e8res, elle devient une anguille jaune. Elle pr\u00e9sente une coloration brun\u00e2tre et peut atteindre environ 40 cm chez les m\u00e2les et 60 cm chez les femelles (certains individus sont plus grands). C\u2019est la phase la plus longue de sa vie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille argent\u00e9e<\/strong><br \/>\nPhase mature et migratoire. Le dos s\u2019assombrit, le ventre devient argent\u00e9 et les yeux grossissent pour am\u00e9liorer la vision en mer. Elle accumule des r\u00e9serves de graisse, d\u00e9veloppe ses organes reproducteurs et cesse de s\u2019alimenter (les organes internes s\u2019atrophient).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De retour vers la mer, elle entreprend une seconde grande migration en traversant l\u2019Atlantique jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la mer des Sargasses. L\u00e0, entre mars et juin, a lieu la reproduction ; les adultes meurent apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre reproduits, laissant place \u00e0 une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LA PASSE \u00c0 POISSONS : reconnecter les habitats et prot\u00e9ger les esp\u00e8ces<\/strong><br \/>\nLe seuil de Xerta-Tivenys a longtemps constitu\u00e9 une barri\u00e8re infranchissable pour les poissons. Jusqu\u2019en 2024, c\u2019\u00e9tait le seul obstacle rompant la continuit\u00e9 fluviale entre Flix et le delta de l\u2019\u00c8bre. Inaugur\u00e9e en octobre 2024, la passe \u00e0 poissons \u2014 la plus grande de Catalogne \u2014 mesure 236 m\u00e8tres de long et 8 m\u00e8tres de large, et permet de r\u00e9tablir la connectivit\u00e9 du fleuve. Des esp\u00e8ces comme l\u2019anguille, la saboga et la lamproie peuvent \u00e0 nouveau remonter le fleuve et acc\u00e9der aux zones de reproduction. En parall\u00e8le, la connectivit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique est am\u00e9lior\u00e9e et la biodiversit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me fluvial est renforc\u00e9e. Cette infrastructure illustre comment l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie peut s\u2019allier \u00e0 la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blocs de pierre :<\/strong> r\u00e9duisent la vitesse de l\u2019eau et imitent le lit naturel du fleuve.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zones de repos :<\/strong> cr\u00e9ent de petites bassines o\u00f9 les poissons peuvent r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Effet d\u2019attraction :<\/strong> le courant attire les poissons vers l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la passe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pente douce (2,72 %)<\/strong> transformant un saut vertical de 6 m\u00e8tres en une mont\u00e9e progressive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette infrastructure, des esp\u00e8ces comme l\u2019anguille (<em>Anguilla anguilla<\/em>), la saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>) et la lamproie marine (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>) peuvent remonter le fleuve et atteindre des habitats favorables \u00e0 leur reproduction en amont.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5665\" data-end=\"5668\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5679\"><strong>ENGLISH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Ebro River hosts a great variety of fish species thanks to the heterogeneity of its course. Despite the transformation of its riverbed and flow, as well as the introduction of invasive exotic species, native species can still be found, many of which are threatened. Among them, migratory native fish stand out for their ecological importance, as they move between the sea and rivers to complete their life cycle. Maintaining the ecological continuity of the river is essential for them to complete their reproductive cycle, and their presence is a direct indicator of environmental health and connectivity between the river and the sea.<\/p>\n<p>However, these fish face several threats that hinder their survival: obstacles such as dams and weirs that block migration, habitat loss and degradation, overfishing and bycatch, water pollution, the effects of climate change, and the presence of invasive exotic species.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ANADROMOUS AND CATADROMOUS SPECIES: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anadromous species:<\/strong> They are born in freshwater, migrate to the sea to grow, and once they reach adulthood, return to the river where they were born to spawn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Catadromous species:<\/strong> They are born in the sea, move to freshwater to grow, and once adults, return to the sea to spawn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Twaite shad (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 This is an anadromous species, meaning it lives in the sea but, in spring, migrates upstream in the Ebro to reproduce in the lower and middle sections, in areas with current and gravel beds where it spawns. Once the eggs hatch, larvae and juveniles remain in the river for a few months before descending to the sea, where they complete their growth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>European sturgeon (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 An anadromous species and one of the oldest fish on the planet, capable of living up to 100 years. It lives in the sea and migrates up rivers to reproduce in deep areas with stony bottoms. It was once present in the Ebro, but overfishing, pollution, and dam construction led to its disappearance. A recovery program (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) is currently underway, and between 2023 and 2025, more than one hundred juvenile specimens have been reintroduced.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sea lamprey (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 An anadromous species, a primitive jawless fish with an elongated cylindrical body. It lives in the sea as a parasite of other fish, attaching itself with a circular mouth full of small horny teeth. During the breeding season, it migrates upstream to spawn in areas with current and gravel beds. After spawning, adults die. The larvae (ammocoetes) live buried in sediment for years before transforming and migrating to the sea.<\/p>\n<p><strong>THE EUROPEAN EEL (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>): A MOVIE-LIKE MIGRATION<\/strong><br \/>\nIt is currently critically endangered. This is a catadromous fish: it spends most of its life in inland waters but travels to the sea to reproduce. Throughout its life cycle, it goes through several stages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larva or leptocephalus<\/strong><br \/>\nIt is born in the Sargasso Sea, at about 500 m depth. The larva is small, flat, and transparent, resembling a willow leaf, and is carried by ocean currents on a journey that can last between 7 months and 3 years until reaching the coasts of Europe and North Africa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glass eel<\/strong><br \/>\nUpon reaching estuaries, it transforms into a glass eel. It acquires its definitive snake-like shape but remains small, translucent, and unpigmented.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Elver<\/strong><br \/>\nIt begins to grow and develop pigmentation. With stronger muscles, it actively migrates upstream in search of food.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yellow eel<\/strong><br \/>\nAs it continues upstream, it becomes a yellow eel. It has a brownish coloration and can reach about 40 cm in males and 60 cm in females (though some individuals are larger). This is the longest stage of its life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silver eel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is the mature migratory phase. The back darkens, the belly turns silver, and the eyes enlarge to improve ocean vision for the return journey. It accumulates fat reserves, develops reproductive organs, and stops feeding (internal organs atrophy).<\/p>\n<p>On its return to the sea, it undertakes a second major migration across the Atlantic to the Sargasso Sea. There, between March and June, spawning takes place; adults die after reproduction, giving way to a new generation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>FISH PASS: reconnecting habitats and protecting species<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Xerta-Tivenys weir acted for centuries as an impassable barrier for fish. Until 2024, it was the only obstacle breaking river continuity from Flix to the Ebro Delta. Opened in October 2024, the fish pass \u2014 the largest in Catalonia \u2014 is 236 meters long and 8 meters wide, restoring river connectivity. Species such as eel, shad, and sea lamprey can once again migrate upstream and reach breeding areas. At the same time, ecological connectivity is improved and biodiversity across the river ecosystem is strengthened. This structure shows how engineering can work hand in hand with biodiversity conservation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stone blocks:<\/strong> Reduce water velocity and simulate the natural riverbed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resting areas:<\/strong> Create small pools where fish can recover energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attraction flow:<\/strong> The current at the entrance draws fish toward the pass.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gentle slope (2.72%)<\/strong> converting a 6-meter vertical drop into a gradual ascent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thanks to this infrastructure, species such as the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), twaite shad (Alosa fallax), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) can once again migrate upstream and reach suitable breeding habitats. At the same time, ecological connectivity is improved and biodiversity throughout the river ecosystem is strengthened.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"VeusRiu\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:29px;--awb-padding-right:166px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:166px;--awb-padding-right-medium:30px;--awb-padding-left-medium:31px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"awb-background-mask\" style=\"background-image:  url(data:image\/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221920%22%20height%3D%22954%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Cg%20clip-path%3D%22url%28%23prefix__clip0_58_68%29%22%20fill%3D%22rgba%2837%2C185%2C206%2C1%29%22%3E%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%221663.56%22%20cy%3D%22206.967%22%20r%3D%22349.995%22%20transform%3D%22rotate%28-45%201663.56%20206.967%29%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1703.05%20674.96c-116.77%20154.952-336.57%20186.262-490.94%2069.933s-184.86-336.246-68.1-491.198l559.04%20421.265z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1280.32%20918.549c-124.14%2071.672-282.874%2029.138-354.546-95.001-71.672-124.14-29.139-282.876%2094.996-354.548l259.55%20449.549z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3CclipPath%20id%3D%22prefix__clip0_58_68%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20d%3D%22M0%200h1920v954H0z%22%2F%3E%3C%2FclipPath%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E);opacity: 0.14 ;transform: scale(-1, -1);mix-blend-mode:normal;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:48px;--awb-padding-bottom:12px;--awb-padding-left:48px;--awb-padding-bottom-medium:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"103\"><strong>CASTELLANO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>El r\u00edo Ebro alberga una gran variedad de especies de peces gracias a la heterogeneidad de su curso. A pesar de la transformaci\u00f3n de su cauce y de los caudales que transporta, as\u00ed como de la introducci\u00f3n de especies ex\u00f3ticas invasoras, todav\u00eda podemos encontrar especies aut\u00f3ctonas, muchas de las cuales est\u00e1n amenazadas. Entre todas ellas, destacan por su relevancia ecol\u00f3gica los peces aut\u00f3ctonos migradores, que realizan desplazamientos entre el mar y los r\u00edos para completar su ciclo vital. El mantenimiento de la continuidad ecol\u00f3gica del r\u00edo es esencial para que puedan completar su ciclo reproductivo, y su presencia es un indicador directo de la salud ambiental y de la conectividad entre el r\u00edo y el mar.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, estos peces se enfrentan a diversas amenazas que dificultan su supervivencia: obst\u00e1culos como presas y azudes que impiden la migraci\u00f3n, la p\u00e9rdida y degradaci\u00f3n de h\u00e1bitats, la sobrepesca y las capturas accidentales, la contaminaci\u00f3n del agua, los efectos del cambio clim\u00e1tico y la presencia de especies ex\u00f3ticas invasoras.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ESPECIES AN\u00c1DROMAS Y CAT\u00c1DROMAS: \u00bfCU\u00c1L ES LA DIFERENCIA?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Especies an\u00e1dromas:<\/strong> Nacen en agua dulce, migran hacia el mar para crecer y, cuando alcanzan la edad adulta, regresan al r\u00edo donde nacieron para poner los huevos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Especies cat\u00e1dromas:<\/strong> Nacen en el mar, se desplazan hacia el agua dulce para crecer y, cuando son adultas, regresan al mar para poner los huevos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, es decir, vive en el mar pero, en primavera, remonta el Ebro para reproducirse en los tramos bajos y medios, en zonas con corriente y fondo de grava donde realiza la puesta. Cuando los huevos eclosionan, las larvas y los juveniles permanecen unos meses en el r\u00edo. Despu\u00e9s descienden hacia el mar, donde completar\u00e1n su crecimiento.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esturi\u00f3n europeo (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, uno de los peces m\u00e1s antiguos del planeta, que puede vivir hasta 100 a\u00f1os. Vive en el mar y remonta los r\u00edos para reproducirse en tramos profundos con fondos pedregosos. Antiguamente estaba presente en el Ebro, pero la sobrepesca, la contaminaci\u00f3n y la construcci\u00f3n de presas provocaron su desaparici\u00f3n. Actualmente existe un programa de recuperaci\u00f3n (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) y, entre los a\u00f1os 2023 y 2025, se han reintroducido m\u00e1s de un centenar de ejemplares juveniles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lamprea de mar (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 Es una especie an\u00e1droma, un pez primitivo sin mand\u00edbulas y con el cuerpo alargado y cil\u00edndrico. Vive en el mar como par\u00e1sito de otros peces, a los que se adhiere con una boca circular llena de peque\u00f1os dientes c\u00f3rneos. En \u00e9poca de reproducci\u00f3n, remonta el r\u00edo para desovar en zonas con corriente y fondo de grava. Despu\u00e9s de la puesta, los adultos mueren. Las larvas (ammocetes) viven enterradas en el sedimento durante a\u00f1os antes de transformarse e iniciar la migraci\u00f3n hacia el mar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>LA ANGUILA EUROPEA (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>): UNA MIGRACI\u00d3N DE PEL\u00cdCULA<\/strong><br \/>\nActualmente se encuentra en peligro cr\u00edtico de extinci\u00f3n. Es un pez cat\u00e1dromo: pasa la mayor parte de su vida en aguas continentales, pero viaja al mar para reproducirse. A lo largo de su ciclo vital experimenta diversas fases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larva o leptoc\u00e9falo<\/strong><br \/>\nNace en el mar de los Sargazos, a unos 500 m de profundidad. La larva, o leptoc\u00e9falo, es peque\u00f1a, aplanada y transparente, similar a una hoja de sauce, y se deja arrastrar por las corrientes marinas en un viaje que puede durar entre 7 meses y 3 a\u00f1os hasta llegar a las costas de Europa y del norte de \u00c1frica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Angula o anguila de cristal<\/strong><br \/>\nAl llegar a los estuarios, se transforma en angula. Adquiere la forma serpentiforme definitiva, pero todav\u00eda es peque\u00f1a, transl\u00facida y sin pigmentaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguil\u00f3n<\/strong><br \/>\nComienza a crecer y a pigmentarse. Con una musculatura m\u00e1s desarrollada, inicia el ascenso por el curso de los r\u00edos, movi\u00e9ndose activamente en busca de alimento.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguila amarilla<\/strong><br \/>\nA medida que asciende por los r\u00edos, se transforma en anguila amarilla. Presenta una coloraci\u00f3n parda y puede alcanzar unos 40 cm en los machos y 60 cm en las hembras (aunque algunos ejemplares son m\u00e1s grandes). Es la etapa m\u00e1s larga de su vida.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguila plateada<\/strong><br \/>\nFase madura y migratoria. El dorso se oscurece, el vientre se vuelve plateado y los ojos crecen para mejorar la visi\u00f3n oce\u00e1nica en el retorno al mar. Acumula reservas de grasa, desarrolla los \u00f3rganos reproductores y deja de alimentarse (los \u00f3rganos internos se atrofian).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De regreso al mar, emprende una segunda gran migraci\u00f3n cruzando el Atl\u00e1ntico hasta el mar de los Sargazos. All\u00ed, entre marzo y junio, tiene lugar la puesta; los adultos mueren despu\u00e9s de reproducirse, dando paso a una nueva generaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LA RAMPA DE PECES: reconectando los h\u00e1bitats y protegiendo especies<\/strong><br \/>\nEl azud de Xerta-Tivenys durante siglos actu\u00f3 como un muro infranqueable para los peces. Hasta el a\u00f1o 2024, era el \u00fanico obst\u00e1culo que romp\u00eda la continuidad fluvial desde Flix hasta el delta del Ebro. Inaugurada en octubre de 2024, la rampa de peces \u2014la m\u00e1s grande de Catalu\u00f1a\u2014 tiene una longitud de 236 metros y una anchura \u00fatil de 8 metros, y permite restablecer la conectividad fluvial del r\u00edo. Especies como la anguila, la saboga y la lamprea de mar pueden volver a remontar el r\u00edo y acceder a zonas de cr\u00eda. Al mismo tiempo, se mejora la conectividad ecol\u00f3gica y se refuerza la biodiversidad de todo el ecosistema fluvial. La rampa de peces es un ejemplo de c\u00f3mo la ingenier\u00eda puede aliarse con la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bloques de piedra:<\/strong> Reducen la velocidad del agua y simulan el lecho natural del r\u00edo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zonas de descanso:<\/strong> Crean peque\u00f1as balsas donde los peces pueden recuperar energ\u00eda antes de continuar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Efecto llamada:<\/strong> la corriente del agua en su entrada atrae a los peces hacia la rampa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Una pendiente suave (2,72%)<\/strong> que transforma un salto vertical de 6 metros en una subida gradual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gracias a esta infraestructura, especies como la anguila (<em>Anguilla anguilla<\/em>), la saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>) y la lamprea de mar (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>) pueden volver a remontar el r\u00edo y llegar a h\u00e1bitats favorables para su cr\u00eda r\u00edo arriba. Al mismo tiempo, se mejora la conectividad ecol\u00f3gica y se refuerza la biodiversidad de todo el ecosistema fluvial. La rampa de peces es un ejemplo de c\u00f3mo la ingenier\u00eda puede aliarse con la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"110\" data-end=\"113\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le fleuve \u00c8bre abrite une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces de poissons gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 de son cours. Malgr\u00e9 la transformation de son lit et des d\u00e9bits qu\u2019il transporte, ainsi que l\u2019introduction d\u2019esp\u00e8ces exotiques envahissantes, on peut encore y trouver des esp\u00e8ces autochtones, dont beaucoup sont menac\u00e9es. Parmi elles, se distinguent par leur importance \u00e9cologique les poissons migrateurs autochtones, qui effectuent des d\u00e9placements entre la mer et les rivi\u00e8res pour compl\u00e9ter leur cycle de vie. Le maintien de la continuit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique du fleuve est essentiel pour qu\u2019ils puissent accomplir leur cycle reproductif, et leur pr\u00e9sence constitue un indicateur direct de la sant\u00e9 environnementale et de la connectivit\u00e9 entre le fleuve et la mer.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, ces poissons sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 diverses menaces qui entravent leur survie : des obstacles comme les barrages et les seuils qui emp\u00eachent la migration, la perte et la d\u00e9gradation des habitats, la surp\u00eache et les captures accidentelles, la pollution de l\u2019eau, les effets du changement climatique et la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019esp\u00e8ces exotiques envahissantes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ESP\u00c8CES ANADROMES ET CATADROMES : QUELLE EST LA DIFF\u00c9RENCE ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Esp\u00e8ces anadromes :<\/strong> Elles naissent en eau douce, migrent vers la mer pour grandir et, une fois adultes, retournent dans le fleuve o\u00f9 elles sont n\u00e9es pour pondre leurs \u0153ufs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esp\u00e8ces catadromes :<\/strong> Elles naissent en mer, se d\u00e9placent vers l\u2019eau douce pour grandir et, une fois adultes, retournent en mer pour pondre leurs \u0153ufs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019elle vit en mer mais, au printemps, remonte l\u2019\u00c8bre pour se reproduire dans les tron\u00e7ons inf\u00e9rieurs et moyens, dans des zones \u00e0 courant et \u00e0 fond de gravier o\u00f9 elle pond. Lorsque les \u0153ufs \u00e9closent, les larves et les juv\u00e9niles restent quelques mois dans le fleuve. Ensuite, ils redescendent vers la mer, o\u00f9 ils ach\u00e8veront leur croissance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esturgeon europ\u00e9en (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, l\u2019un des poissons les plus anciens de la plan\u00e8te, pouvant vivre jusqu\u2019\u00e0 100 ans. Il vit en mer et remonte les fleuves pour se reproduire dans des zones profondes \u00e0 fond pierreux. Autrefois pr\u00e9sent dans l\u2019\u00c8bre, il a disparu \u00e0 cause de la surp\u00eache, de la pollution et de la construction de barrages. Actuellement, un programme de r\u00e9introduction (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) est en cours et, entre 2023 et 2025, plus d\u2019une centaine de juv\u00e9niles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9introduits.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lamproie marine (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce anadrome, un poisson primitif sans m\u00e2choires, au corps allong\u00e9 et cylindrique. Elle vit en mer comme parasite d\u2019autres poissons, auxquels elle s\u2019accroche gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une bouche circulaire munie de petites dents corn\u00e9es. En p\u00e9riode de reproduction, elle remonte le fleuve pour frayer dans des zones \u00e0 courant et \u00e0 fond de gravier. Apr\u00e8s la ponte, les adultes meurent. Les larves (ammoc\u00e8tes) vivent enfouies dans les s\u00e9diments pendant des ann\u00e9es avant de se transformer et de migrer vers la mer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u2019ANGUILLE EUROP\u00c9ENNE (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>) : UNE MIGRATION DE FILM<\/strong><br \/>\nElle est actuellement en danger critique d\u2019extinction. C\u2019est un poisson catadrome : il passe la majeure partie de sa vie en eaux continentales, mais voyage en mer pour se reproduire. Au cours de son cycle de vie, il passe par plusieurs phases :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larve ou leptoc\u00e9phale<\/strong><br \/>\nElle na\u00eet dans la mer des Sargasses, \u00e0 environ 500 m de profondeur. La larve est petite, aplatie et transparente, semblable \u00e0 une feuille de saule, et est entra\u00een\u00e9e par les courants marins lors d\u2019un voyage pouvant durer entre 7 mois et 3 ans jusqu\u2019aux c\u00f4tes de l\u2019Europe et de l\u2019Afrique du Nord.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Civelle ou anguille de verre<\/strong><br \/>\nEn arrivant dans les estuaires, elle se transforme en civelle. Elle acquiert sa forme serpentiforme d\u00e9finitive, mais reste petite, translucide et sans pigmentation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille jaune (stade juv\u00e9nile)<\/strong><br \/>\nElle commence \u00e0 grandir et \u00e0 se pigmenter. Avec une musculature plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e, elle remonte les cours d\u2019eau \u00e0 la recherche de nourriture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille jaune<\/strong><br \/>\nEn remontant les rivi\u00e8res, elle devient une anguille jaune. Elle pr\u00e9sente une coloration brun\u00e2tre et peut atteindre environ 40 cm chez les m\u00e2les et 60 cm chez les femelles (certains individus sont plus grands). C\u2019est la phase la plus longue de sa vie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anguille argent\u00e9e<\/strong><br \/>\nPhase mature et migratoire. Le dos s\u2019assombrit, le ventre devient argent\u00e9 et les yeux grossissent pour am\u00e9liorer la vision en mer. Elle accumule des r\u00e9serves de graisse, d\u00e9veloppe ses organes reproducteurs et cesse de s\u2019alimenter (les organes internes s\u2019atrophient).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De retour vers la mer, elle entreprend une seconde grande migration en traversant l\u2019Atlantique jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la mer des Sargasses. L\u00e0, entre mars et juin, a lieu la reproduction ; les adultes meurent apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre reproduits, laissant place \u00e0 une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LA PASSE \u00c0 POISSONS : reconnecter les habitats et prot\u00e9ger les esp\u00e8ces<\/strong><br \/>\nLe seuil de Xerta-Tivenys a longtemps constitu\u00e9 une barri\u00e8re infranchissable pour les poissons. Jusqu\u2019en 2024, c\u2019\u00e9tait le seul obstacle rompant la continuit\u00e9 fluviale entre Flix et le delta de l\u2019\u00c8bre. Inaugur\u00e9e en octobre 2024, la passe \u00e0 poissons \u2014 la plus grande de Catalogne \u2014 mesure 236 m\u00e8tres de long et 8 m\u00e8tres de large, et permet de r\u00e9tablir la connectivit\u00e9 du fleuve. Des esp\u00e8ces comme l\u2019anguille, la saboga et la lamproie peuvent \u00e0 nouveau remonter le fleuve et acc\u00e9der aux zones de reproduction. En parall\u00e8le, la connectivit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique est am\u00e9lior\u00e9e et la biodiversit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me fluvial est renforc\u00e9e. Cette infrastructure illustre comment l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie peut s\u2019allier \u00e0 la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blocs de pierre :<\/strong> r\u00e9duisent la vitesse de l\u2019eau et imitent le lit naturel du fleuve.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zones de repos :<\/strong> cr\u00e9ent de petites bassines o\u00f9 les poissons peuvent r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Effet d\u2019attraction :<\/strong> le courant attire les poissons vers l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la passe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pente douce (2,72 %)<\/strong> transformant un saut vertical de 6 m\u00e8tres en une mont\u00e9e progressive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette infrastructure, des esp\u00e8ces comme l\u2019anguille (<em>Anguilla anguilla<\/em>), la saboga (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>) et la lamproie marine (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>) peuvent remonter le fleuve et atteindre des habitats favorables \u00e0 leur reproduction en amont.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5665\" data-end=\"5668\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5679\"><strong>ENGLISH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Ebro River hosts a great variety of fish species thanks to the heterogeneity of its course. Despite the transformation of its riverbed and flow, as well as the introduction of invasive exotic species, native species can still be found, many of which are threatened. Among them, migratory native fish stand out for their ecological importance, as they move between the sea and rivers to complete their life cycle. Maintaining the ecological continuity of the river is essential for them to complete their reproductive cycle, and their presence is a direct indicator of environmental health and connectivity between the river and the sea.<\/p>\n<p>However, these fish face several threats that hinder their survival: obstacles such as dams and weirs that block migration, habitat loss and degradation, overfishing and bycatch, water pollution, the effects of climate change, and the presence of invasive exotic species.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ANADROMOUS AND CATADROMOUS SPECIES: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anadromous species:<\/strong> They are born in freshwater, migrate to the sea to grow, and once they reach adulthood, return to the river where they were born to spawn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Catadromous species:<\/strong> They are born in the sea, move to freshwater to grow, and once adults, return to the sea to spawn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Twaite shad (<em>Alosa fallax<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 This is an anadromous species, meaning it lives in the sea but, in spring, migrates upstream in the Ebro to reproduce in the lower and middle sections, in areas with current and gravel beds where it spawns. Once the eggs hatch, larvae and juveniles remain in the river for a few months before descending to the sea, where they complete their growth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>European sturgeon (<em>Acipenser sturio<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 An anadromous species and one of the oldest fish on the planet, capable of living up to 100 years. It lives in the sea and migrates up rivers to reproduce in deep areas with stony bottoms. It was once present in the Ebro, but overfishing, pollution, and dam construction led to its disappearance. A recovery program (LIFE MIGRATOEBRE) is currently underway, and between 2023 and 2025, more than one hundred juvenile specimens have been reintroduced.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sea lamprey (<em>Petromyzon marinus<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2013 An anadromous species, a primitive jawless fish with an elongated cylindrical body. It lives in the sea as a parasite of other fish, attaching itself with a circular mouth full of small horny teeth. During the breeding season, it migrates upstream to spawn in areas with current and gravel beds. After spawning, adults die. The larvae (ammocoetes) live buried in sediment for years before transforming and migrating to the sea.<\/p>\n<p><strong>THE EUROPEAN EEL (<em>ANGUILLA ANGUILLA<\/em>): A MOVIE-LIKE MIGRATION<\/strong><br \/>\nIt is currently critically endangered. This is a catadromous fish: it spends most of its life in inland waters but travels to the sea to reproduce. Throughout its life cycle, it goes through several stages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Larva or leptocephalus<\/strong><br \/>\nIt is born in the Sargasso Sea, at about 500 m depth. The larva is small, flat, and transparent, resembling a willow leaf, and is carried by ocean currents on a journey that can last between 7 months and 3 years until reaching the coasts of Europe and North Africa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glass eel<\/strong><br \/>\nUpon reaching estuaries, it transforms into a glass eel. It acquires its definitive snake-like shape but remains small, translucent, and unpigmented.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Elver<\/strong><br \/>\nIt begins to grow and develop pigmentation. With stronger muscles, it actively migrates upstream in search of food.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yellow eel<\/strong><br \/>\nAs it continues upstream, it becomes a yellow eel. It has a brownish coloration and can reach about 40 cm in males and 60 cm in females (though some individuals are larger). This is the longest stage of its life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silver eel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is the mature migratory phase. The back darkens, the belly turns silver, and the eyes enlarge to improve ocean vision for the return journey. It accumulates fat reserves, develops reproductive organs, and stops feeding (internal organs atrophy).<\/p>\n<p>On its return to the sea, it undertakes a second major migration across the Atlantic to the Sargasso Sea. There, between March and June, spawning takes place; adults die after reproduction, giving way to a new generation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>FISH PASS: reconnecting habitats and protecting species<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Xerta-Tivenys weir acted for centuries as an impassable barrier for fish. Until 2024, it was the only obstacle breaking river continuity from Flix to the Ebro Delta. Opened in October 2024, the fish pass \u2014 the largest in Catalonia \u2014 is 236 meters long and 8 meters wide, restoring river connectivity. Species such as eel, shad, and sea lamprey can once again migrate upstream and reach breeding areas. At the same time, ecological connectivity is improved and biodiversity across the river ecosystem is strengthened. This structure shows how engineering can work hand in hand with biodiversity conservation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stone blocks:<\/strong> Reduce water velocity and simulate the natural riverbed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resting areas:<\/strong> Create small pools where fish can recover energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attraction flow:<\/strong> The current at the entrance draws fish toward the pass.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gentle slope (2.72%)<\/strong> converting a 6-meter vertical drop into a gradual ascent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thanks to this infrastructure, species such as the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), twaite shad (Alosa fallax), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) can once again migrate upstream and reach suitable breeding habitats. At the same time, ecological connectivity is improved and biodiversity throughout the river ecosystem is strengthened.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_3_5 3_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:60%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:2;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:24px;--awb-padding-left:24px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:1;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5548","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Plaf\u00f3 (2) Peixos migradors- traducci\u00f3 - L&#039;Aube<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El projecte \u201cLes veus del riu. 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